The Association of Caregivers' Socio-Economic Conditions with Family Caregiving Norms: Evidence from China.

Similar to her neighboring country, Japan, China faces significant difficulties in providing long-term care to the elderly. Female household members who traditionally provided necessary caregiving are no longer available as much as in the past due to the demographic and socioeconomic changes over the past few decades. Against this backdrop, we investigated how socioeconomic factors affect the perception of family caregiving norms in China, using an international comparative household dataset that allowed us to compare China with Japan, the latter being extensively investigated. We used ordered probit regression to estimate the model equation. Our results show that rural residency, household assets, and government dependency are positively associated with the perception of care. A notable difference from the Japanese results is that rural residents have a rather positive perception of family caregiving norms. Furthermore, urban-rural subsample analyses revealed that women in rural areas perceive caregiving negatively.

Impact of Personal Experience of COVID-19 Disease on Recreational Anglers' Attitudes and Behaviors.

BACKGROUND: Anglers are a large social group with access to a "relatively safe" form of recreation, that allows the opportunity to relieve stress. An important question, however, is how they did so, and to what extent their perceived COVID-19 transition status influenced decisions both in life and at the fishing site. AIM: Our study aimed to determine the dynamics of anglers' attitudes and behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic as a result of the different statuses of their exposure to the SARS-CoV-2 virus. We assumed that the behavior of anglers who have not experienced the disease (were not ill and not sure if ill) will be similar and, on the other hand, different from the behavior of those who have experienced COVID-19. METHODS: The web-assisted interviews survey was used among 586 anglers with different COVID-19 disease experience statuses. Their pandemic behavior and activities by four age groups were studied using non-metric multidimensional scaling. Redundancy analysis has been used to identify the relationship between anglers' life attitudes and socioeconomic and demographic factors, taking into account their preferences and involvement in fishing. RESULTS: We have demonstrated that the behavior of anglers who have not experienced COVID-19 disease and do not present a reckless attitude toward pandemic threats, do not show significant differences from the life attitudes of the group experienced by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. These two groups comprise more than 70% of anglers. However, the rest show a lack of interest in an aware diagnosis of their health and a low level of acceptance of self-restraint in the area of direct social contact. CONCLUSIONS: Unawareness, combined with ignorance, could be a potential factor in the transmission of the virus while fishing. The behaviors of almost 30% of anglers are particularly risky when combined with a strong need to fish in the company of friends and familiar people. Anglers' social identity should be tapped by fishery managers. Targeted educational campaigns should be aimed at groups around specific fishing spots. The need for self-limitation under the pandemic should be promoted for the benefit of the general public and to maintain the reputation of angling as a safe recreational activity.

Profile of diseases prevalent in Datia District of Madhya Pradesh, India.

Background and objectives: Exploring the disease profile in a defined area helps policymakers to understand local health issues. It is essential to collect such information in countries, like India, which have a wide range of socioeconomic, geographic, and cultural diversity. Madhya Pradesh is the second largest state of India and has diversified populations living in urban, rural, and tribal areas. In this study, we performed a hospital record-based analysis to find out the status of different diseases in various outpatient departments (OPDs) of the District Hospital where patients from both rural and urban areas are treated. Materials and methods: The retrospective data was collected from medical records available for the period September 2018 to September 2020. These datasets were analyzed to determine the most common presentations among patients. Results and conclusions: A total of 138,756 records of patients were available for this study, whose department-wise analysis revealed that most records were related to respiratory tract infection, superficial dermatophytosis, anemia among women, suppurative otitis media, and pneumonia. This study provides a broad overview of the overall health issues of people living in rural and urban areas of Datia. However, a major limitation of the study was that other correlations with age and gender were not established due to the absence of such information. Nonetheless, these findings will help policymakers and researchers to set the agenda for interventions and set goals for achieving better health for all people including those living in rural and tribal regions.

The Robben Island Diversity Experience: It's about the Journey, Not the RIDE.

The Robben Island diversity experience (RIDE), a conference using a group relations training model, was held annually from 2000 to 2013, (with RIDE not taking place in 2004). During RIDE, underlying, unconscious, and covert South African diversity dynamics are studied as they manifest among managers and officials in the fields of change, diversity management, transformation, and human resources management. The participants (staff and membership) of the conference collectively form a temporary organisation in which they explore unconscious dynamics and processes as they relate to dealing with diversity challenges. A qualitative, analytic auto-ethnographic research approach was used to elicit data. The data consisted of different sets of process notes compiled during my involvement in RIDE (2000 to 2014). Thematic analysis was used to analyse and interpret the data to allow insights into diversity dynamics. The findings suggest that in the early events RIDE citizens displayed a preoccupation with race which was expressed through attempts to re-organise the race hierarchy in the unconscious, and the need to form good-enough relationships with old enemies through searching for the absent white-man. In more recent years it became evident that groups are reluctant to explore differences of organisational position and socio-economic status in racial sameness. The experimentation with leadership within and across race groups and gender was a preoccupation of members in a more recent RIDE. Further, the marginalisation of women, through the intersection between diversity characteristics, also became apparent. It seems that through RIDE as a container, the consultants as containers, and the willingness of the participants to engage with their diversity challenges, more diversity dynamics have become accessible to the RIDE citizens. This understanding of diversity dynamics can be used in South African and international organisations by researchers, consultants, and managers to enhance their understanding of diversity dynamics in organisations and inform the nature of the different diversity management initiatives implemented in these organisations.

The Significance of Angling in Stress Reduction during the COVID-19 Pandemic-Environmental and Socio-Economic Implications.

Recreational fishing and other outdoor recreational activities have been proven to have positive effects on mental health, including neutralizing pandemic stress. This study aims to identify the perceptions and behavior of recreational anglers during the COVID-19 pandemic along with identifying the factors that determine attitudes. This study is essential for understanding the complex economic, social, and environmental implications associated with a pandemic. Perceptions of pandemic stress reduction were confirmed by 63.8% of anglers, and nearly 98% felt there was no risk of infection from fishing. These feelings were most strongly positively associated and explained by a preference for fishing with friends and family and the frequency of fishing. Over 26% of respondents fished more frequently during the pandemic. Additional free time and the need to escape the pandemic media hype were the main factors for the increase in angler activity. The balance of benefits from changes in angler pandemic behavior was ambiguous. This was determined by considering the potential increase in pressure on the environmental resources that anglers use. Given the positive effects of angling on stress reduction, it is not advisable for policymakers to restrict recreational fishing access. Instead, best management practices should reduce sanitary bottlenecks to increase safety on fishing grounds.

Condiciones socioambientales y prevalencia de enfermedades de la piel en un asentamiento urbano precario de Asunción (Paraguay) / Socio-Environmental Conditions and Prevalence of Skin Diseases in a Precarious Urban Settlement in Asunción (Paraguay) / Condições socioambientais e prevalência de dermatoses em um assentamento urbano precário em Assunção (Paraguai)

Introducción: se buscó analizar la prevalencia de enfermedades dermatológicas de la población de un asentamiento urbano precario próximo al vertedero municipal de Asunción (Paraguay), atendiendo a la exposición de las condiciones socioambientales. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo y transversal con una muestra no probabilística intencional que incluyó a 77 personas de entre 5 meses y 76 años. Resultados: en el momento del examen físico, el 96.2 % de las personas presentó, al menos, una lesión cutánea, y el 79.2 %, una o más enfermedades infecciosas de piel; sin embargo, el 77.9 % no había recu-rrido a consulta médica. Las más sobresalientes fueron las micosis (35.1 %), las bacterianas (35.1 %) y las ectoparasitosis (27.3 %). Se identificó que la prevalencia de enfermedades bacterianas de piel apunta a una posible mayor exposición a condiciones adversas como: un clima subtropical de altas temperaturas y húmedo, una alta relación de convivientes en el hogar por dormitorio, problemas de provisión de agua y suelos de arena en los hogares, así como un sistema de evacuación de excretas deficiente, la presencia de animales con escasa vigilancia sanitaria, la proximidad a arroyos y cauces al aire libre depositarios de materia cloacal y el impacto recurrente de raudales los días de intensa lluvia. Conclusión: los resul-tados sugieren que la alta prevalencia de enfermedades cutáneas infecciosas podría relacionarse con una mayor exposición a condiciones socioambientales locales adversas, que son factores relevantes por tener en cuenta para mejorar la atención a la salud de las enfermedades dermatológicas de la población urbana que habita en un asentamiento urbano precario

Introduction: This study analyzes the prevalence of dermatological diseases in the population of a precarious urban settlement near the municipal landfill of Asunción (Paraguay), in relation to expo-sure to socio-environmental conditions. Materials and methods: descriptive, cross-sectional study with a non-probabilistic purposive sample that included 77 people aged between 5 months and 76 years. Results: at the time of physical examination, 96.2% of the people presented at least one skin lesion and 79.2% one or more infectious skin diseases, but 77.9% had not consulted a doctor. The most prominent were mycoses (35.1%), bacterial (35.1%) and ectoparasitoses (27.3%). It was identified that the preva-lence of bacterial skin diseases points to possible increased exposure to adverse conditions such as: a subtropical climate with high temperatures and humidity, a high ratio of people living in the household per bedroom, water supply problems and sandy soils in homes, as well as a deficient excreta disposal system, the presence of animals with poor sanitary surveillance, proximity to streams and open-air waterways that deposit sewage and the recurrent impact of floods on days of heavy rainfall. Conclusion:the results suggest that the high prevalence of infectious skin diseases could be related to increased exposure to adverse local socio-environmental conditions, which are relevant factors to be taken into to improve the health care of skin diseases in the urban population living in a slum settlement

Introdução: este estudo analisa a prevalência de doenças dermatológicas na população de um assen-tamento urbano precário próximo ao aterro sanitário municipal de Asunción (Paraguai) em relação à exposição às condições socioambientais. Materiais e métodos: estudo descritivo, transversal, com uma amostra não-probabilística de propósito que incluiu 77 pessoas com idade entre 5 meses e 76 anos. Resultados: no momento do exame físico, 96,2% das pessoas tinham pelo menos uma lesão de pele e 79,2% tinham uma ou mais doenças infecciosas de pele, mas 77,9% não tinham consultado um médico. As mais importantes foram micoses (35,1%), bacterianas (35,1%) e ectoparasitoses (27,3%). A preva-lência de doenças bacterianas da pele foi identificada como apontando para um possível aumento da exposição a condições adversas tais como: um clima subtropical com altas temperaturas e umidade, uma alta proporção de pessoas vivendo na casa por quarto, problemas de abastecimento de água e solos arenosos nas habitações, bem como um sistema de eliminação de excrementos deficiente, a presença de animais com vigilância sanitária deficiente, proximidade a riachos e cursos de água abertos que depositam águas residuais, e o impacto recorrente de enchentes em dias de chuvas fortes. Conclusão:Os resultados sugerem que a alta prevalência de doenças infecciosas de pele pode estar relacionada ao aumento da exposição a condições sócio-ambientais locais adversas, que são fatores relevantes a serem considerados para melhorar os cuidados com doenças de pele na população urbana que vive em uma favela

Identifying gaps in COVID-19 health equity data reporting in Canada using a scorecard approach.

OBJECTIVE: To assess health equity-oriented COVID-19 reporting across Canadian provinces and territories, using a scorecard approach. METHODS: A scan was performed of provincial and territorial reporting of five data elements (cumulative totals of tests, cases, hospitalizations, deaths, and population size) across three units of aggregation (province or territory level, health regions, and local areas) (15 "overall" indicators), and for four vulnerable settings (long-term care and detention facilities, schools, and homeless shelters) and eight social markers (age, sex, immigration status, race/ethnicity, healthcare worker status, occupational sector, income, and education) (180 "equity-related" indicators) as of December 31, 2020. Per indicator, one point was awarded if case-delimited data were released, 0.7 points if only summary statistics were reported, and 0 if neither was provided. Results were presented using a scorecard approach. RESULTS: Overall, information was more complete for cases and deaths than for tests, hospitalizations, and population size denominators needed for rate estimation. Information provided on jurisdictions and their regions, overall, tended to be more available (average score of 58%, "D") than that for equity-related indicators (average score of 17%, "F"). Only British Columbia, Alberta, and Ontario provided case-delimited data, with Ontario and Alberta providing case information for local areas. No jurisdiction reported on outcomes according to patients' immigration status, race/ethnicity, income, or education. Though several provinces reported on cases in long-term care facilities, only Ontario and Quebec provided detailed information for detention facilities and schools, and only Ontario reported on cases within homeless shelters and across occupational sectors. CONCLUSION: One year into the pandemic, socially stratified reporting for COVID-19 outcomes remains sparse in Canada. However, several "best practices" in health equity-oriented reporting were observed and set a relevant precedent for all jurisdictions to follow for this pandemic and future ones.

RéSUMé: OBJECTIF: Évaluer les pratiques de déclaration des données de surveillance de la COVID-19 axée sur l'équité en matière de santé dans les provinces et territoires canadiens, en utilisant une fiche de pointage. MéTHODES: Les sites webs et rapports officiels des provinces et territoires ont été analysés pour identifier la présence de cinq éléments de données sur la COVID-19 (totaux cumulatifs des tests, cas, hospitalisations et décès ainsi que la taille de la population évaluée, nécessaire pour l'estimation de taux), déclarées au niveau de trois unités d'agrégation populationnelle (de la province/du territoire, des régions socio-sanitaires, et des localités/quartiers) (15 indicateurs de données « globales ¼); ainsi qu'au niveau de quatre milieux à risque d'éclosions (les établissements de soins de longue durée et de détention, les écoles, et les refuges pour personnes en situation d'itinérance) et de huit marqueurs sociaux (l'âge, le sexe, le statut d'immigration, la race/ethnicité, le statut de travailleur de santé, le revenu, le niveau d'éducation, et le secteur de travail) (180 indicateurs d'équité en matière de santé) à compter du 31 décembre 2020. Pour chaque indicateur, un point a été attribué si des données délimitées par cas ont été publiées, 0,7 points si seules les statistiques sommaires ont été communiquées, et 0 si aucune information n'a été fournie. Les résultats sont présentés sous la forme d'une fiche de pointage. RéSULTATS: Dans l'ensemble, les informations sur les cas et les décès étaient plus complètes que celles pour les tests, les hospitalisations et les tailles de population. Les éléments de données étaient plus disponibles au niveau global des provinces et territoires et de leurs régions socio-sanitaires (note moyenne de 58 % ou « D ¼) que pour les indicateurs liés à l'équité en matière de santé (note moyenne de 17 % ou « F ¼). Seuls la Colombie-Britannique, l'Alberta et l'Ontario ont fourni des données délimitées par cas, et seuls l'Alberta et l'Ontario ont fourni des données au niveau local. Aucune juridiction n'a fait état de données en fonction du statut d'immigration, de la race/l'ethnicité, du revenu ou du niveau d'éducation des patients. Plusieurs juridictions ont fourni des informations au sujet des cas au sein des établissements de soins de longue durée, mais seuls l'Ontario et le Québec ont fourni des informations détaillées au sujet des établissements de détention et des écoles. L'Ontario était unique en rapportant sur les cas par secteur occupationnel et pour les refuges pour les personnes en situation d'itinérance. CONCLUSION: Un an après le début de la pandémie, la disponibilité des données sur la COVID-19, stratifiées par marqueurs sociaux, reste très limitée au Canada. Cependant, plusieurs « bonnes pratiques ¼ en matière de déclaration axée sur l'équité en matière de santé ont été observées, ce qui constitue un précédent pertinent que les juridictions pourront suivre pendant cette pandémie et celles à venir.

DaPeCa-9 - cohabitation and socio-economic conditions predict penile cancer-specific survival in a national clinical study from Denmark.

BACKGROUND: Cohabitation and social conditions predict prognosis in several cancers; recent data suggest this might also be the case in penile cancer. OBJECTIVE: To assess the prognostic significance of cohabitation, living arrangements and socio-economic conditions for cancer-specific survival (CSS) in patients with penile squamous cell carcinoma (pSCC). METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated CSS in 429 pSCC patients from a 10-year period. We assessed cohabitation, living arrangements and socio-economic conditions(SEC) as prognostic predictors. Kaplan-Meier estimates and Cox hazard rates (HR) with 95% confidence intervals were used for analysis. RESULTS: Out of 429 pSCC patients, 137 (32%) were living alone and 292 (68%) were cohabiting. With a Cox HR at 1.91 (95% CI 1.3-2.98) patients living alone had a significantly lower median five-year survival rate at 69% (95% CI 60-77%) compared to cohabiting patients at 83% (95% CI 78-87%), p = 0.002. Comparing 60 (14%) from higher to 202 (47%) from medium and 95 (22%) patients from lower socio-economic groups we found Cox HRs at 1, 2.4 (95% CI 1.0-5.7, p = 0.04) and 3.4 (95% CI 1.4-8.1, p < 0.01) respectively. When comparing living arrangements, the trend that patients living in apartments and institutions had poorer outcomes than patients living in a house did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: Living alone and in poor socio-economic conditions predict poor prognosis in penile cancer in this national study. We make the case for further research in efforts to minimize cancer inequality pSCC patients.

Association between poverty exposure during childhood and adolescence, and drug use disorders and drug-related crimes later in life.

AIMS: To examine whether poverty exposure in childhood/adolescence increases the risk of later drug use disorder and drug crime conviction. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: A national cohort study encompassing 634 284 individuals born between 1985 and 1990, residing in Sweden between 5 and 18 years of age, followed-up from January 2004 to December 2016, starting from the age of 19 years until the first visit to inpatient/outpatient care with a diagnosis of a drug use disorder or a drug crime offence. MEASUREMENTS: The exposure variable was 'trajectories of poverty' based on household income, assessed through group-based trajectory analysis. Cox regression analysis was used to obtain hazard ratios for drug use disorders and drug crime convictions using age as the underlying time scale. FINDINGS: We identified five trajectories of childhood/adolescence poverty: (1) 'moving out of poverty in childhood' (8.7%); (2) 'never poverty' (68.9%); (3) 'moving into poverty in adolescence' (11.0%); (4) 'moving out of poverty in adolescence' (5.4%); and (5) 'chronically poor' (5.9%). Compared with the 'never poor' group, almost all trajectory groups had higher risks for drug use problems. Young males 'moving into poverty in adolescence' had the highest risks of drug use disorder [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.48, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.40-1.57] and drug crime conviction (HR = 1.50, 95% CI = 1.38-1.62), after adjusting for calendar year, domicile, origin, psychiatric diagnosis and parental psychiatric diagnosis. The results were similar in females moving into poverty in adolescence (HR = 1.63, 95% CI = 1.52-1.76 and HR = 1.89, 95% CI = 1.74-2.05 for drug use disorders and drug crime, respectively). CONCLUSION: In Sweden, poverty exposure early in life seems to increase the risk of drug use problems in adulthood. These associations are not explained fully by domicile, origin or other psychiatric disorders. Young males and females moving into poverty in adolescence are at highest risk.

Climate change fostered cultural dynamics of human resilience in Europe in the past 2500 years.

Humans possess limited knowledge on what generated cultural dynamics to strengthen human resilience to overcome climate-induced stresses. Although the highly developed mental ability of humans could have enabled significant human resilience in history, no study has empirically explained or has even scientifically confirmed how and when such dynamics arose. To fill the current research gap, this study therefore explores the associations among climatic conditions, the evolutional dynamics of human thinkers and their thoughts, and human ecological-socioeconomic conditions in the past 2500 years in Europe. Results from quantitative modellings and causal analyses confirm that climatic-ecological stresses led to human ecological-socioeconomic crises, and thereby dramatically increased twice of the thinkers' number and their thoughts' impact across different philosophies in truth, knowledge, and ethics for adaptation at multi-decadal to centennial temporal scales, especially in spirituality oriented mentality. The process of the stress-generated cultural dynamics displays some similarities with the stress-induced mutagenesis in organism evolution. Ultimately, climatic-ecological stresses prompt the escalation in the number of thinkers and impacts of their thoughts and flourishing of philosophy. Such stress-regenerated cultural dynamics imply that the current climate change threat may stimulate another thriving phase of cultural selection and lift humans to the next homeostatic plateau of civilization. Findings also extend the cognate scope of psychological, sociological, and civilization studies.

Prácticas y representaciones en torno a la alimentación familiar en distintos ambientes socio-económicos (Villaguay, Argentina, 2010-2012)

ntecedentes:se considera que el conocimiento que guía nuestras prácticas es socialmente elaborado y compartido y que la variabilidad en las elecciones en torno a la alimentación se relaciona con la variabilidad en las condiciones de vida.Objetivo: indagar acerca de prácticas (acciones) y representaciones (ideas subyacentes) en torno a la alimentación de familias con al menos un niño/a de 3 a 6 años de edad residentes en distintos ambientes socio-económicos del departamento de Villaguay, Entre Ríos, Argentina.Metodología:en establecimientos educativos públicos de la zona urbana (Ur), periurbana (Pe) y rural (Ru) del departamento de Villaguay, padres y madres fueron invitados a desarrollar voluntariamente encuestas asistidas, obteniéndose un total de 303 encuestas (109 Ur, 133 Pe y 61 Ru). Los resultados se analizaron y compararon entre zonas mediante pruebas de Chi2.Resultados y conclusiones:el análisis de los datos evidenció diferencias para algunas prácticas y representaciones exhibiendo, además, estrecha relación con la variabilidad en las condiciones de vida. Así, por ejemplo, mientras que las familias urbanas, de más alto nivel socio-económico, elegían sus alimentos principalmente por las marcas, en las familias más carenciadas del periurbano, el precio era el factor determinante. Por último, la zona rural presentó características socio-económicas intermedias y se observó una mayor participación de toda la familia en actividades relacionadas a la alimentación. No obstante, también se detectaron ciertas uniformidades independientes de las condiciones socio-económicas, como la práctica de consumo entre comidas o la preocupación por lograr una "buena alimentación", dando cuenta de que algunos aspectos trascienden las fronteras de los subsistemas socioculturales

ackground:It is known that the knowledge that guides our practices is socially elaborated and that the variability in food choices is related to the variability in living conditions.Objetive: To inquire about practices (actions) and representations (underlying ideas) about the feeding of families with at least one child from 3 to 6 years old living in different socio-economic environments of the Villaguay district, Entre Ríos, Argentina.Methodology:In public educational establishments of the urban (Ur), periurban (Pe) and rural (Ru) areas of the department of Villaguay, parents were invited to voluntarily develop assisted surveys, obtaining a total of 303 surveys (109 Ur, 133 Pe and 61 Ru).Results and Conclusions:The analysis of the data showed differences between zones for some practices and representations, also exhibiting their close relationship with the variability of the living conditions. For example, while urban families of higher socioeconomic status chose their food primarily for brands, in the most deprived families of the periurban, price was the determining factor. Finally, the rural area had intermediate socio-economic characteristics and a greater participation of the whole family in activities related to food was observed. However, certain uniformities, independent of the socioeconomic differences, were also detected, such as the practice of eating between meals or the concern to achieve "a good food", noting that some aspects transcend the boundaries of sociocultural subsystems.

VALORACIÓN AMBIENTAL PARA LA GENERACIÓN DE UN MODELO PARTICIPATIVO DE EDUCACIÓN NO FORMAL / ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR THE GENERATION OF A PARTICIPATORY MODEL OF NON FORMAL EDUCATION

El propósito de este artículo es establecer un diagnóstico de los humedales de Bañó y Los Negros basado en el análisis y caracterización de las esferas social, económica y natural, a fin de entender las causas de los eventos físicos, económicos, sociales y educativos que expliquen el desfasamiento entre percepciones y culturas adecuadas para la sostenibilidad ambiental del territorio y la consideración de tales causas para la generación de un modelo educativo no formal. La problemática ambiental existente en los humedales es el resultado de las presiones de tipo antrópico a la que han sido sometidos, la ausencia de una cultural ambiental ha llevado a sus habitantes a desequilibrar tales ecosistemas. Como resultado del diagnóstico territorial se identificaron una serie de problemas ambientales: desecación de humedales, pérdida de la biodiversidad, deficientes condiciones sanitarias, contaminación del suelo y agua, y manejo inadecuado de residuos. Factores como el bajo nivel educativo, las escasas oportunidades de empleo y los pocos ingresos por núcleo familiar inciden de forma indirecta en el deterioro de los humedales. Se resalta que un 85,8% del total de la población tiene más de 16 años de vivir en el área de estudio, por lo tanto tienen un conocimiento empírico de los humedales y de los problemas presentes en ellos.

The purpose of this article is to establish a diagnosis of the wetlands of Bañó and Negros based on the analysis and characterization of the social, economic and natural spheres in order to understand the causes of physical, economic, social and educational events that explain the destaging between perceptions and cultures adequate for the environmental sustainability of the territory and the consideration of such causes for the generation of a non-formal educational system. The existing environmental problem in the wetlands of Bañó and Negros is the result of the pressures of anthropic type they have been submitted to, the absence of an environmental culture has led residents to unbalance the ecosystems in mention. As a result of the territorial diagnosis, a number of environmental problems ranging from desiccation of wetlands, loss of biodiversity, poor sanitary conditions, soil and water pollution to inappropriate waste management were identified. Factors such as a low level of education, limited employment opportunities and little household income affect indirectly the deterioration of wetlands. It's important to note that 85,8% of the total population has been living in the study area for more than 16 years. Therefore they have a broad knowledge of the wetlands and of the problems present in them.

Effect of daily temperature range on respiratory health in Argentina and its modification by impaired socio-economic conditions and PM10 exposures.

Epidemiological investigations regarding temperature influence on human health have focused on mortality rather than morbidity. In addition, most information comes from developed countries despite the increasing evidence that climate change will have devastating impacts on disadvantaged populations living in developing countries. In the present study, we assessed the impact of daily temperature range on upper and lower respiratory infections in Cordoba, Argentina, and explored the effect modification of socio-economic factors and influence of airborne particles We found that temperature range is a strong risk factor for admissions due to both upper and lower respiratory infections, particularly in elderly individuals, and that these effects are more pronounced in sub-populations with low education level or in poor living conditions. These results indicate that socio-economic factors are strong modifiers of the association between temperature variability and respiratory morbidity, thus they should be considered in risk assessments.

Social context of preterm delivery in France in 2011 and impact on short-term health outcomes: the EPIPAGE 2 cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Low socio-economic context increases the risk of preterm delivery and may affect short-term outcomes in children born preterm. We described the social context of preterm delivery in France in 2011 and compared it with the general population of deliveries over the same period. We also studied how social context influenced pregnancy and delivery characteristics in the preterm population, and how it affected mortality and short-term morbidity in liveborn preterm children (<35 weeks). METHODS: We created an individual socio-economic vulnerability index, derived from multiple correspondence analysis based on maternal social information in the French National Perinatal Survey (NPS-2010). Weighted coordinates were applied to families from the EPIPAGE 2 study, a population-based cohort of preterm infants born in 2011, to quantify the infant's exposure to socio-economic vulnerability. Multivariable logistic models were used to relate the socio-economic context to pregnancy and delivery characteristics, and to assess its impact on short-term outcomes of the infants. RESULTS: Among mothers of preterm infants, gestational age decreased as socio-economic conditions worsened. In the most deprived group, women had more irregular pregnancy care, a higher prevalence of infection during pregnancy, and a lower rate of antenatal corticosteroid administration. The most deprived group was associated with a higher risk of severe morbidity for the preterm neonates. CONCLUSION: Our results emphasise the need for a large population-based surveillance system to identify the most deprived mothers, and to propose appropriate follow-up and care to these women and their infants in order to enhance long-term health.

Improving psychosocial health and employment outcomes for individuals receiving methadone treatment: a realist synthesis of what makes interventions work.

BACKGROUND: For over 50 years, methadone has been prescribed to opioid-dependent individuals as a pharmacological approach for alleviating the symptoms of opioid withdrawal. However, individuals prescribed methadone sometimes require additional interventions (e.g., counseling) to further improve their health. This study undertook a realist synthesis of evaluations of interventions aimed at improving the psychosocial and employment outcomes of individuals on methadone treatment, to determine what interventions work (or not) and why. METHODS: The realist synthesis method was utilized because it uncovers the processes (or mechanisms) that lead to particular outcomes, and the contexts within which this occurs. A comprehensive search process resulted in 31 articles for review. Data were extracted from the articles, and placed in four templates to assist with analysis. Data analysis was an iterative process and involved comparing and contrasting data within and across each template, and cross checking with original articles to determine key patterns in the data. RESULTS: For individuals on methadone, engagement with an intervention appears to be important for improved psychosocial and/or employment outcomes. The engagement process involves attendance at interventions as well as an investment in what is offered. Three intervention contexts (often in some combination) support the engagement process: a) client-centered contexts (or those where clients' psychosocial and/or employment needs/issues/skills are recognized and/or addressed); b) contexts which address clients' socio-economic conditions and needs; and, c) contexts where there are positive client-counselor and/or peer relationships. There is some evidence that sometimes ongoing engagement is necessary to maintain positive outcomes. There is also some evidence that complete abstinence from drugs (e.g., cocaine, heroin) is not necessary for engagement. CONCLUSIONS: It is important to consider how the contexts of interventions might elicit and/or support clients' engagement. Further research is needed to explore how an individual's background (e.g., involvement with different interventions over an extended period) may influence engagement. Long-term engagement may be necessary to sustain some positive outcomes although how long is unclear and requires further research. Engagement can occur without complete abstinence from such drugs as cocaine or heroin, but additional research is required as engagement may be influenced by the extent and type of drug use.

Concepções de saúde mental a partir da análise do desenho de adolescentes

Neste estudo buscou-se conhecer a percepção de saúde mental de adolescentes advindos de contextos socioeconômicos diferentes. Participaram da pesquisa 252 jovens do Distrito Federal, do Ensino Médio, sendo 129 de escola particular situada em região com alto Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano - IDH (54,3% do sexo feminino, 34,1% do 3º ano e 48,8% com idades acima de 16 anos) e 123 de escola pública situada em região de baixo IDH (52,8% sexo feminino, 82,9% do 1º ano e 32,8% com 16 anos). Solicitou-se aos jovens que completassem, por meio de desenhos, a frase: "para mim, estar saudável mentalmente/emocionalmente é...". A análise dos desenhos resultou em 312 representações de saúde mental classificadas em 11 categorias temáticas. De forma geral, as representações de saúde mental estavam pautadas por uma visão ecológica, sendo representada principalmente por figuras humanas com conteúdos ligados a bem estar pessoal, representações de vínculos inter-relacionais e intrafamiliares e contextos sociais.(AU)

This study aimed to investigate the mental health perception of teenagers from different socioeconomic backgrounds. A total of 252 students from the Federal District´s High School, being 129 from private school located in a high Human Development Index (HDI) region (54.3% female, 34.1% in the last year of high school and 48.8% aged over 16 years old) and 123 from public school located in a low HDI region (52.8% female, 82.9% from the 1st year of high school and 32.8% at the age of 16). The teenagers were asked to complete drawings by the phrase: "For myself, being mentally and emotionally healthy is ...". The analysis of drawings resulted in 312 mental health representations and 11 thematic categories. In general, the mental health representations were guided by an ecological view, represented mainly by human figures with related content to personal well-being, representations of inter-relational links and intra-family and social contexts.(AU)

Concepções de saúde mental a partir da análise do desenho de adolescentes / Mental health conceptions out the youth's drawing analysis

Neste estudo buscou-se conhecer a percepção de saúde mental de adolescentes advindos de contextos socioeconômicos diferentes. Participaram da pesquisa 252 jovens do Distrito Federal, do Ensino Médio, sendo 129 de escola particular situada em região com alto Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano - IDH (54,3% do sexo feminino, 34,1% do 3º ano e 48,8% com idades acima de 16 anos) e 123 de escola pública situada em região de baixo IDH (52,8% sexo feminino, 82,9% do 1º ano e 32,8% com 16 anos). Solicitou-se aos jovens que completassem, por meio de desenhos, a frase: "para mim, estar saudável mentalmente/emocionalmente é...". A análise dos desenhos resultou em 312 representações de saúde mental classificadas em 11 categorias temáticas. De forma geral, as representações de saúde mental estavam pautadas por uma visão ecológica, sendo representada principalmente por figuras humanas com conteúdos ligados a bem estar pessoal, representações de vínculos inter-relacionais e intrafamiliares e contextos sociais.

This study aimed to investigate the mental health perception of teenagers from different socioeconomic backgrounds. A total of 252 students from the Federal District´s High School, being 129 from private school located in a high Human Development Index (HDI) region (54.3% female, 34.1% in the last year of high school and 48.8% aged over 16 years old) and 123 from public school located in a low HDI region (52.8% female, 82.9% from the 1st year of high school and 32.8% at the age of 16). The teenagers were asked to complete drawings by the phrase: "For myself, being mentally and emotionally healthy is ...". The analysis of drawings resulted in 312 mental health representations and 11 thematic categories. In general, the mental health representations were guided by an ecological view, represented mainly by human figures with related content to personal well-being, representations of inter-relational links and intra-family and social contexts.